Log In Get started Bookmarks Help Progress 0% Cardiovascular AAA + Rupture AC dislocation ATSI Abdominal pain in kids Abnormal/Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (AUB/DUB) Acanthosis Nigricans Acne Acromegaly Actinic Cheilitis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute Swollen Joint with Fever Acute Vision Loss Acute and Progressive Vision Loss Addisons Adjustment Disorder and Anxiety Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Age related macular degeneration Alcohol Cessation Allergic rhinitis Alopecia Amenorrhoea Anaphylaxis Angina Angular Cheilitis Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Anorexia Nervosa Anticholinergics and TCAs Antidepressants Antimetabolite drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antipsychotics Anxiety Disorders Aortic Dissection Arrhythmia Asthma Asthma Atrial Fibrillation Back pain Behavioural / learning disorders Behavioural disturbances Bell’s palsy and Ramsey Hunt syndrome Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) Biologic agents Bipolar Disorder Bleeding disorders Blepharitis Breast Cancer Breast Lump Bronchiectasis (Updated) CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125) CRPS CVD Risk Assessment Calluses and Corns Candida (Candidiasis as an STI) Carpal tunnel syndrome and de quervains tenosynovitis Cellulite Cervical spondylosis Chest pain Chickenpox (Varicella) Chilblains Cholesteatoma Chronic Cough in Children Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Chronic Rhinosinusitis Chronic Stridor Clavicular fracture Clozapine Coeliacs Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations Congestive Cardiac Failure Connective Tissue Diseases Constipation Contact Dermatitis Cracked Heel Croup Cushings Cutaneous Drug Eruptions DKA vs HHS Dacrocystitis, dacyrostenosis, dacyrocystocoele Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Delerium Dementia Depression and Delirium Dermal melanocystosis (mongolian spot) Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) Diabetes Diabetes Insipidus (DI) vs Primary Polydipsia Diabetic Neuropathy Diarrhoea Diplopia Dizziness / syncope Down syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dupuytrens / trigger finger Dyspepsia Dyspnoea (Shortness of Breath) ECG ECG Findings ECG Patterns CONCISE COMPREHENSIVE Felons Definition Closed-space infection of the fingertip pulp, involving multiple septated compartments Aetiology & Causes Minor trauma (splinters, cuts) or spread from paronychia Begins as cellulitis, may progress to abscess if untreated Symptoms Early: Tightness, prickling pain, swelling Late: Intense throbbing pain, redness, pulp abscess Complications Abscess formation, necrosis, risk of permanent damage due to pressure buildup Management Early treatment prevents complications Empirical antibiotics (staphylococcal, streptococcal coverage) Incision & drainage (I&D) if abscess or tension develops to relieve pressure Felons Definition A felon is a closed-space infection of the fingertip pulp, involving multiple small septated compartments within the pulp. Because the finger pad is divided by fibrous septa, infection and swelling can create significant pressure and pain, potentially leading to tissue necrosis if untreated. Aetiology & Causes Usually arises from minor trauma (e.g. splinters, cuts, or penetrating injuries) that introduce bacteria into the pulp space. Can also spread from an adjacent infection such as paronychia (infection around the nail fold). Common pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA in some regions) and Streptococcus species. Symptoms Early Tightness, prickling or throbbing pain in the fingertip Swelling, mild erythema Pain may worsen with any pressure or use of the finger Late Intense, pulsatile pain (due to increasing pressure within the tight compartments) Erythema and visible swelling/abscess in the pulp Difficulty using the affected hand/finger Complications Abscess formation: If pressure builds up, subcutaneous pockets of pus can develop. Necrosis: Ongoing pressure and infection can compromise blood supply to the pulp. Permanent damage: If not relieved, it can lead to tendon or bone involvement (osteomyelitis of the distal phalanx). Management Early Intervention Empirical Antibiotics: Cover Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus (e.g. flucloxacillin or cephalexin). If MRSA prevalence is high, consider trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or doxycycline (depending on local resistance patterns). Warm soaks and elevation: Can assist in early cellulitis without a defined abscess. Analgesia: NSAIDs or paracetamol to manage pain. Incision & Drainage (I&D) If abscess or tension is present (throbbing, fluctuant swelling, severe pain), I&D is essential to decompress the pulp space. Technique: A small longitudinal incision on the volar pad, carefully avoiding neurovascular bundles. Aftercare: Saline washes, antibiotic dressings, and daily checks. Tetanus status: Ensure up-to-date vaccination if there was penetrating trauma. Follow-Up Review in 24–48 hours to ensure resolution of infection and check for complications (e.g. osteomyelitis if pain localises to bone). Physiotherapy or hand therapy if stiffness or reduced function persists. Notes Early recognition and prompt intervention reduce morbidity. Patient Education: Emphasise care with sharp objects, prompt disinfection of small cuts on fingers. Consider referral to hand surgery if complex, large abscess, or tendon involvement suspected. Bookmark Failed! Bookmark Saved! Refresh Refresh Refresh

Log In Get started Bookmarks Help Progress 0% Cardiovascular AAA + Rupture AC dislocation ATSI Abdominal pain in kids Abnormal/Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (AUB/DUB) Acanthosis Nigricans Acne Acromegaly Actinic Cheilitis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute Swollen Joint with Fever Acute Vision Loss Acute and Progressive Vision Loss Addisons Adjustment Disorder and Anxiety Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Age related macular degeneration Alcohol Cessation Allergic rhinitis Alopecia Amenorrhoea Anaphylaxis Angina Angular Cheilitis Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Anorexia Nervosa Anticholinergics and TCAs Antidepressants Antimetabolite drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antipsychotics Anxiety Disorders Aortic Dissection Arrhythmia Asthma Asthma Atrial Fibrillation Back pain Behavioural / learning disorders Behavioural disturbances Bell’s palsy and Ramsey Hunt syndrome Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) Biologic agents Bipolar Disorder Bleeding disorders Blepharitis Breast Cancer Breast Lump Bronchiectasis (Updated) CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125) CRPS CVD Risk Assessment Calluses and Corns Candida (Candidiasis as an STI) Carpal tunnel syndrome and de quervains tenosynovitis Cellulite Cervical spondylosis Chest pain Chickenpox (Varicella) Chilblains Cholesteatoma Chronic Cough in Children Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Chronic Rhinosinusitis Chronic Stridor Clavicular fracture Clozapine Coeliacs Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations Congestive Cardiac Failure Connective Tissue Diseases Constipation Contact Dermatitis Cracked Heel Croup Cushings Cutaneous Drug Eruptions DKA vs HHS Dacrocystitis, dacyrostenosis, dacyrocystocoele Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Delerium Dementia Depression and Delirium Dermal melanocystosis (mongolian spot) Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) Diabetes Diabetes Insipidus (DI) vs Primary Polydipsia Diabetic Neuropathy Diarrhoea Diplopia Dizziness / syncope Down syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dupuytrens / trigger finger Dyspepsia Dyspnoea (Shortness of Breath) ECG ECG Findings ECG Patterns CONCISE COMPREHENSIVE ATSI (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Preventative Health Screening Definition:Preventative health screening for ATSI populations aims for early detection and management of chronic conditions disproportionately affecting this group. Aetiology: Higher prevalence of chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease, mental health issues) due to social determinants, including overcrowding, limited healthcare access, and low health literacy. Pathophysiology: Chronic conditions in ATSI populations stem from genetic predispositions, environmental stressors, and limited healthcare access. Silent development of diseases (e.g., CVD, CKD) with risk factors like hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and hyperglycaemia. Symptoms: Vision and Hearing Loss: Untreated infections, trauma Depression: Sadness, withdrawal, irritability Cardiovascular Disease: Chest pain, dizziness, palpitations Chronic Kidney Disease: Fatigue, oedema, reduced urine output Skin Infections: Rashes, sores (e.g., scabies, impetigo) Differential Diagnosis: CVD Risk: Exclude hyperthyroidism, anaemia, sleep apnoea CKD: Consider diabetes, glomerulonephritis, dehydration Hearing/Vision Impairment: Rule out age-related conditions, medication effects Investigations: Vision/Hearing: Audiometry, eye exams Depression: PHQ-9, K5 CVD Screening (from 18 years): BSL, lipid profile, eGFR, urine ACR, BP CKD Screening (from 18 years): Kidney function tests (eGFR, urine ACR) Immunisation History: Hepatitis A/B, Prevenar, Bexsero (starting from 2 months old) Management: Health Worker/Interpreter Involvement: For effective communication and follow-up, especially in remote settings CVD Management: Lifestyle (smoking cessation, weight management), medications (e.g., antihypertensives, statins), specialist referral for advanced cases CKD Management: Blood pressure control, diabetes management, ACE inhibitors Mental Health Support: Psychological support, community services, counselling Immunisation: Regular and timely vaccinations for high-risk individuals Complications: Unmanaged Chronic Diseases: Leads to morbidity and mortality Mental Health Risks: Untreated depression may lead to substance abuse or self-harm Infections: Untreated skin infections can lead to systemic complications ATSI Definition: Preventative health screening for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) populations is aimed at early detection of health issues, to prevent or mitigate the impact of chronic diseases and other health conditions that disproportionately affect this group. Aetiology/Causes: Higher prevalence of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, and mental health disorders are more prevalent in the ATSI population due to social determinants of health like overcrowded living conditions, limited access to healthcare, and poor health literacy. Pathophysiology: Chronic conditions in ATSI populations often result from a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental factors (e.g., overcrowding, poor sanitation), and limited access to healthcare services. Conditions such as CVD, diabetes, and CKD often develop silently over time, with risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and hyperglycaemia contributing to the disease process. Symptoms: Key symptoms to watch for in ATSI populations during screenings: Vision and hearing issues: Reduced vision or hearing loss, often due to untreated infections or trauma. Depression: Symptoms include prolonged sadness, irritability, withdrawal, and loss of interest in daily activities. Cardiovascular Disease: Symptoms may include chest pain, breathlessness, dizziness, and palpitations. Chronic Kidney Disease: Symptoms such as fatigue, swelling of the legs, and reduced urine output. Skin infections: Scabies and impetigo may present as rashes or sores on the skin, often due to overcrowded living conditions. Differential Diagnosis: CVD Risk: Conditions like hyperthyroidism, anaemia, and sleep apnoea should be ruled out for unexplained cardiovascular symptoms. Chronic Kidney Disease: Other causes of kidney disease such as diabetes, glomerulonephritis, or dehydration should be considered. Hearing and Vision Impairment: Other causes could include age-related conditions, medication side effects, or neurological disorders. Investigations: Vision and Hearing: Routine screening for hearing loss (audiometry) and vision impairment (ophthalmologic exams). Depression: Use of standardized tools such as the PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) or K5 questionnaire for assessing depression. Cardiovascular Risk Screening (from 18 years): Blood sugar level (BSL) Lipid profile Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) Blood pressure (BP) Chronic Kidney Disease Screening (from 18 years): Regular testing of kidney function (eGFR, urine ACR). Immunisation History: Hepatitis A, B, Prevenar, and Bexsero. Bexsero can be given from 2 months of age. Management: Health Worker Involvement: Ensure that a health worker is involved in screenings, education, and follow-up care, especially for those in remote or disadvantaged areas. Interpreter: Always offer an interpreter for non-English speaking ATSI patients to ensure effective communication. CVD Management: Lifestyle changes (smoking cessation, weight management, regular exercise), pharmacological treatments (antihypertensives, statins, etc.), and referral to specialists for advanced cases. Chronic Kidney Disease Management: Control blood pressure, manage diabetes, and use medications to prevent progression (e.g., ACE inhibitors). Mental Health: Provide psychological support, community services, and referrals for counseling and mental health services. Immunisation: Ensure timely immunisation for at-risk populations to prevent preventable diseases, particularly in areas with limited access to healthcare. Complications: Unmanaged Chronic Diseases: Lack of management of conditions like CVD, diabetes, and CKD can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Mental Health Issues: Untreated depression can lead to substance abuse, self-harm, and impaired daily functioning. Infections: Skin infections such as scabies and impetigo can lead to secondary complications if untreated, including abscesses and systemic infections. Prognosis: CVD, CKD, and Diabetes: Early detection and treatment can significantly improve quality of life and life expectancy in ATSI populations. Management of risk factors is key to improving long-term outcomes. Mental Health: Timely intervention and culturally sensitive mental health support can lead to positive outcomes for those affected by depression and other mental health issues. Skin Infections: Early treatment of skin infections prevents long-term complications and improves community health. Bookmark Failed! Bookmark Saved! Refresh Refresh Refresh

Home AKT/KFP CCE Cases CCE Coaching Clinical Team Topics Summary Testimonial Blogs Exam notes Menu Close Buy Now Strategies, study plans, and exam-authentic teaching from Australian GP educators. RACGP Exam Resources Home AKT/KFP CCE Cases CCE Coaching Clinical Team Topics Summary Testimonial Blogs Exam notes Menu Close From technique to case reasoning, explore every topic you need to pass Topics RACGP Exams Pillars, study methods, common pitfalls PBS and Prescribing First-line choices, cautions AKT Format, question types, speed with safety Exam News and Key Dates What to know for the next cycle KFP Multi select technique, marking logic, scenarios CCE Communication, structure, safety-netting Study Plans Week by week schedules FRACGP Pathway Pathway steps, timelines, IMG guidance Others Expert insight, clear techniques, and clinic-ready teaching in one place. Featured Articles How to Study for the RACGP Exams Using Active Recall and Spaced Repetition October 2025 By Dr Shaun Tan, MD, BMedSc, FRACGP Official Medical Examiner | Associate Lecturer RACGP Exam Top Scorer - 90% Short on time and unsure where to start? This guide gives you a focused system for AKT and KFP study using active recall and spaced repetition. You will see how to turn guidelines into flashcards, how to schedule reviews that stick, and how to correct errors fast so every week moves you forward. > Read More From technique to case reasoning, explore every topic you need to pass Topics RACGP Exams Pillars, study methods, common pitfalls PBS and Prescribing First-line choices, cautions AKT Format, question types, speed with safety Exam News and Key Dates What to know for the next cycle KFP Multi select technique, marking logic, scenarios FRACGP Communication, structure, safety-netting Study Plans Week by week schedules FRACGP Pathway Pathway steps, timelines, IMG guidance Others FRACGP Pathway Pathway steps, timelines, IMG guidance Expert insight, clear techniques, and clinic-ready teaching in one place. Featured Articles How to Study for the RACGP Exams Using Active Recall and Spaced Repetition October 2025 By Dr Shaun Tan, MD, BMedSc, FRACGP Official Medical Examiner | Associate Lecturer RACGP Exam Top Scorer - 90% Short on time and unsure where to start? This guide gives you a focused system for AKT and KFP study using active recall and spaced repetition. You will see how to turn guidelines into flashcards, how to schedule reviews that stick, and how to correct errors fast so every week moves you forward. > Read More Expert insight, clear techniques, and clinic-ready teaching in one place. Webinars Wednesday 03 Dec – 7:00 PM AEST (QLD) / 8:00 PM AEDT (NSW & VIC) Online Event Your Road to RACGP Success: Expert Insights & Practical Tips for 2026.1 Exams > Sign Up Saturday 1 November – 10:00 AM AEST (QLD) / 11:00 AM AEDT (NSW & VIC) Online Event Your Road to RACGP Success: Expert Insights & Practical Tips for 2026.1 Exams > Sign Up

Log In Get started Bookmarks Help Progress 0% Cardiovascular AAA + Rupture AC dislocation ATSI Abdominal pain in kids Abnormal/Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (AUB/DUB) Acanthosis Nigricans Acne Acromegaly Actinic Cheilitis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute Swollen Joint with Fever Acute Vision Loss Acute and Progressive Vision Loss Addisons Adjustment Disorder and Anxiety Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Age related macular degeneration Alcohol Cessation Allergic rhinitis Alopecia Amenorrhoea Anaphylaxis Angina Angular Cheilitis Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Anorexia Nervosa Anticholinergics and TCAs Antidepressants Antimetabolite drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antipsychotics Anxiety Disorders Aortic Dissection Arrhythmia Asthma Asthma Atrial Fibrillation Back pain Behavioural / learning disorders Behavioural disturbances Bell’s palsy and Ramsey Hunt syndrome Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) Biologic agents Bipolar Disorder Bleeding disorders Blepharitis Breast Cancer Breast Lump Bronchiectasis (Updated) CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125) CRPS CVD Risk Assessment Calluses and Corns Candida (Candidiasis as an STI) Carpal tunnel syndrome and de quervains tenosynovitis Cellulite Cervical spondylosis Chest pain Chickenpox (Varicella) Chilblains Cholesteatoma Chronic Cough in Children Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Chronic Rhinosinusitis Chronic Stridor Clavicular fracture Clozapine Coeliacs Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations Congestive Cardiac Failure Connective Tissue Diseases Constipation Contact Dermatitis Cracked Heel Croup Cushings Cutaneous Drug Eruptions DKA vs HHS Dacrocystitis, dacyrostenosis, dacyrocystocoele Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Delerium Dementia Depression and Delirium Dermal melanocystosis (mongolian spot) Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) Diabetes Diabetes Insipidus (DI) vs Primary Polydipsia Diabetic Neuropathy Diarrhoea Diplopia Dizziness / syncope Down syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dupuytrens / trigger finger Dyspepsia Dyspnoea (Shortness of Breath) ECG ECG Findings ECG Patterns CONCISE COMPREHENSIVE Down Syndrome Examination Cardiac: Assess for congenital heart defects (e.g., atrioventricular septal defect, VSD, ASD) Gastrointestinal: Check for duodenal atresia, Hirschsprung’s disease, gastro-oesophageal reflux Neurology: Hypotonia, delayed motor milestones, intellectual disability Orthopaedics: Look for signs of atlantoaxial instability (neck pain, weakness, gait disturbances, hyperreflexia) Growth: Use Down syndrome-specific growth charts to assess development Monitoring Hearing Annual screening from birth to 5 years 2-yearly screening from 5–18 years High risk of conductive hearing loss due to recurrent otitis media Vision Follow the same schedule as hearing screening Assess for cataracts, refractive errors, strabismus, nystagmus Thyroid (TFTs) Annual screening for life (increased risk of congenital hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroid disease) Haematology Monitor for signs of leukaemia (bruising, pallor, fatigue, hepatosplenomegaly) Higher risk of transient abnormal myelopoiesis in neonates Other Considerations Monitor feeding and growth (increased risk of feeding difficulties, constipation, gastro-oesophageal reflux) Check for coeliac disease (more common in Down syndrome, screen if symptoms develop) Management Referrals Cardiology: Echocardiogram at birth to detect congenital heart defects Gastroenterology: For structural anomalies, persistent feeding issues, coeliac screening Orthopaedics: If atlantoaxial instability suspected Otolaryngology (ENT): If recurrent ear infections or suspected hearing loss Allied Health Support Early intervention: Speech therapy, occupational therapy, physiotherapy to support development Psychology: For behavioural concerns, emotional regulation, and learning support Support Services Down Syndrome Association: Advocacy, education, and support networks for families Centrelink services: Disability support, funding assistance for therapies Lifestyle Healthy diet and regular exercise to reduce obesity risk (common due to hypotonia and reduced activity levels) Routine vaccinations with consideration for additional vaccines (e.g., pneumococcal, influenza, RSV in infancy) Additional Notes Infection susceptibility: Higher risk of ear infections, pneumonia, skin conditions (e.g., eczema, seborrhoeic dermatitis) Reproductive health: Reduced fertility, hypogonadism common in adults Down Syndrome Examination Screen for congenital anomalies including cardiac defects (especially atrioventricular septal defect) and gastrointestinal issues (e.g. duodenal atresia, Hirschsprung disease) Assess for neurological features such as hypotonia or delayed milestones Evaluate for orthopaedic problems, notably atlantoaxial instability if neck pain, weakness, or gait changes are reported Use Down syndrome-specific growth charts to monitor growth accurately Monitoring Hearing: Annual checks from birth to 5 years, then 2-yearly up to 18 years Vision: Same schedule as hearing, assess for cataracts and strabismus Thyroid function tests annually throughout life Haematology: Remain alert for signs of leukaemia such as bruising or fatigue Feeding, growth, constipation, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease require ongoing attention Management Referrals Cardiology for echocardiogram at birth if congenital heart disease is suspected Gastroenterology if GI anomalies persist or coeliac screening is indicated Orthopaedics if atlantoaxial instability or skeletal issues are suspected Allied Health Early intervention with speech therapy, occupational therapy, and physiotherapy Psychological support for behavioural or emotional concerns Nutrition advice to prevent obesity and manage coeliac or constipation Support Services Down syndrome support organisations for advocacy and resources Financial assistance advice for families Lifestyle Emphasise a balanced diet and regular exercise to reduce obesity risk Maintain routine immunisations, possibly including additional coverage such as pneumococcal Monitor for recurrent ear infections or pneumonia Additional Notes Susceptible to infections including otitis media, pneumonia, and skin problems Reproductive health issues such as reduced fertility and hypogonadism may occur in adulthood Bookmark Failed! 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Used by 1200+ IMG doctors across Australia (No credit card. Instant access.) AKT & KFP Flashcards That Help You Actually Remember What Matters Over 1500 flashcards designed to sharpen your recall, cover exam-critical content, and cut down study hours Get some samples WHY THESE NOTES WORK Made for Structured, Focused, Efficient Study Everything you need to know. Nothing you don’t. Start the Study System Now Built on active recall and spaced repetition to maximise retention Covers high-yield concepts drawn from 1000s of AKT/KFP cases Saves time focussing on what actually matters WHY THESE FLASHCARDS WORK Designed for the Way Doctors Learn and the RACGP Tests Designed for real-world recall, not just rote memory Start the Study System Now Built on active recall and spaced repetition to maximise retention Covers high-yield concepts drawn from 1000s of AKT/KFP cases Saves time focussing on what actually matters WHAT YOU WILL GET Why GP Trainees Trust Us Get some samples We don’t overwhelm you with endless low-quality resources or generic questions. Your time matters, so we prioritise quality over quantity. Every single question and resource we create is carefully refined, designed specifically to maximise your learning and exam performance. 1500+ clinically relevant flashcards Mobile + desktop access (via Brainscape) Covers entire RACGP curriculum (300+ conditions across 18 medical systems) Categorised by topic and linked to your exam notes & KFP questions HOW THEY FIT INTO THE SYSTEM Flashcards Are the Final Step in the study system Use them to lock in the knowledge you’ve gained from exam notes and KFP practice cases. Each component is designed to strengthen the others – so you study smarter, not harder Start the Study System Now Start with KFP practice questions Identify your knowledge gaps and get used to exam-style thinking. Review the concise exam notes Quickly cover the key concepts related to your weak areas. Dive into the comprehensive exam notes Deepen your understanding when a topic needs more depth. Use flashcards to consolidate memory Reinforce high-yield concepts using active recall and spaced repetition. Results That Speak Louder Than Promises 300+ expertly structured topics across 18 systems, available in concise and comprehensive formats. Includes flowcharts, Customer 6 300+ expertly structured topics across 18 systems, available in concise and comprehensive formats. Includes flowcharts, Customer 6 300+ expertly structured topics across 18 systems, available in concise and comprehensive formats. Includes flowcharts, Customer 6 Start the Study System Now Logo Your Mission Statement or Vision Statement Our Products All in 1 System KFP Questions Flashcards Exam Notes CCE Question Quick Links Home Meet the Team Blog Login Videos Summary Page Contact Us +61 423 832 140 Passracgp@gmail.com

Log In Get started Bookmarks Help Progress 0% Cardiovascular AAA + Rupture AC dislocation ATSI Abdominal pain in kids Abnormal/Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (AUB/DUB) Acanthosis Nigricans Acne Acromegaly Actinic Cheilitis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute Swollen Joint with Fever Acute Vision Loss Acute and Progressive Vision Loss Addisons Adjustment Disorder and Anxiety Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Age related macular degeneration Alcohol Cessation Allergic rhinitis Alopecia Amenorrhoea Anaphylaxis Angina Angular Cheilitis Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Anorexia Nervosa Anticholinergics and TCAs Antidepressants Antimetabolite drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antipsychotics Anxiety Disorders Aortic Dissection Arrhythmia Asthma Asthma Atrial Fibrillation Back pain Behavioural / learning disorders Behavioural disturbances Bell’s palsy and Ramsey Hunt syndrome Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) Biologic agents Bipolar Disorder Bleeding disorders Blepharitis Breast Cancer Breast Lump Bronchiectasis (Updated) CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125) CRPS CVD Risk Assessment Calluses and Corns Candida (Candidiasis as an STI) Carpal tunnel syndrome and de quervains tenosynovitis Cellulite Cervical spondylosis Chest pain Chickenpox (Varicella) Chilblains Cholesteatoma Chronic Cough in Children Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Chronic Rhinosinusitis Chronic Stridor Clavicular fracture Clozapine Coeliacs Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations Congestive Cardiac Failure Connective Tissue Diseases Constipation Contact Dermatitis Cracked Heel Croup Cushings Cutaneous Drug Eruptions DKA vs HHS Dacrocystitis, dacyrostenosis, dacyrocystocoele Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Delerium Dementia Depression and Delirium Dermal melanocystosis (mongolian spot) Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) Diabetes Diabetes Insipidus (DI) vs Primary Polydipsia Diabetic Neuropathy Diarrhoea Diplopia Dizziness / syncope Down syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dupuytrens / trigger finger Dyspepsia Dyspnoea (Shortness of Breath) ECG ECG Findings ECG Patterns CONCISE COMPREHENSIVE Shoulder Pain Differentials Shoulder Causes: OA (glenohumeral, ACJ), ACJ dislocation Shoulder instability/dislocation Subacromial bursitis, rotator cuff tear/tendinopathy Biceps tendinopathy, labral tear (SLAP/non-SLAP) Frozen shoulder, thoracic outlet syndrome Non-Shoulder Causes: PMR, cervical radiculopathy Referred pain: MI, Pancoast tumour, diaphragm irritation (e.g., perforated ulcer, splenic rupture, biliary disease) History Neck symptoms: Neck pain/stiffness, hand numbness (radiculopathy, thoracic outlet) Morning stiffness: PMR, inflammatory causes Activity-related: Overhead pain (rotator cuff/impingement), trauma (instability, labral tear) Systemic: Bilateral pain + systemic signs (PMR), exertional chest/arm pain (cardiac) Examination Palpation: Subacromial tenderness (bursitis) Bicipital groove pain (biceps tendinopathy) ROM: Restricted active/passive ROM (frozen shoulder) Pain with elevation/abduction (rotator cuff/impingement) Special tests: Impingement (e.g., Empty Can test) Paxinos Sign (ACJ pain) Thoracic outlet tests: Symptoms ↑ with raised arms Investigations Bloods: ESR/CRP (PMR, inflammatory) Imaging: X-ray: OA, cervical dysfunction Ultrasound: Rotator cuff, bursitis, tendinopathy MRI: Labral tears, SLAP lesions ECG/CXR: MI, Pancoast tumour Management Non-Pharm: Physio: Strengthening, postural correction (thoracic outlet) Hydrodilatation: Frozen shoulder Avoid repetitive overhead activities Pharm: NSAIDs: Pain/inflammation Steroid injections: ACJ OA, bursitis, rotator cuff tendinopathy, frozen shoulder Red Flags Night pain, systemic symptoms → Malignancy/infection Trauma + pain/instability → Dislocation/fracture Neuro symptoms → Radiculopathy/brachial plexopathy Other Interventions Shockwave therapy: Resistant tendinopathy Surgical referral: Recurrent dislocation, rotator cuff tears, labral injuries, severe ACJ OA Shoulder Pain Differentials Osteoarthritis of the glenohumeral or acromioclavicular joints Acromioclavicular joint dislocation Shoulder instability or dislocation Rotator cuff tear or tendinopathy Subacromial bursitis Biceps tendinopathy Labral tear (SLAP or non-SLAP) Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) Thoracic outlet syndrome Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) Cervical radiculopathy Referred pain from myocardial ischaemia, Pancoast tumour, or diaphragmatic irritation (e.g. perforated ulcer, splenic rupture, biliary disease) History Neck symptoms such as neck pain or stiffness and hand numbness suggesting cervical radiculopathy or thoracic outlet syndrome Morning stiffness and bilateral shoulder pain indicating possible PMR or other inflammatory conditions Activity-related pain worsened by overhead movements suggesting impingement or rotator cuff issues History of trauma or feeling of instability raising suspicion of labral tear or recurrent shoulder dislocation Systemic symptoms or bilateral involvement prompting consideration of inflammatory or referred causes Examination Palpation over the subacromial region indicating bursitis, over the bicipital groove indicating biceps tendinopathy, or at the acromioclavicular joint identifying AC joint pathology Range of motion restricted both actively and passively suggesting frozen shoulder, while primarily active limitation points to rotator cuff pathology Special tests such as Neer’s and Hawkins-Kennedy for impingement, Yergason’s and Speed’s for biceps tendinopathy, cross-arm adduction for AC joint pathology, and Spurling’s if cervical involvement is suspected Assessment of scapular positioning for dyskinesis or muscular atrophy contributing to impingement or thoracic outlet syndrome Contralateral shoulder examination to compare baseline range and identify asymmetries Investigations ESR and CRP to detect inflammatory processes such as PMR or septic arthritis X-ray of the shoulder and possibly the cervical spine to identify degenerative changes or alignment issues Ultrasound to evaluate rotator cuff, biceps tendon, and subacromial bursa MRI to visualise labral tears, significant rotator cuff tears, or intra-articular lesions if symptoms persist despite initial management ECG or chest imaging if cardiac or Pancoast tumour referral is suspected Management Non-pharmacological approaches including physiotherapy for strengthening and postural correction, hydrodilatation for adhesive capsulitis, and avoidance of repetitive overhead activities Pharmacological treatments such as NSAIDs for pain and inflammation and local steroid injections into the subacromial space, AC joint, or glenohumeral joint for persistent bursitis, arthritis, or frozen shoulder Ultrasound-guided injections improving accuracy for deeper structures like rotator cuff tendons or biceps tendon sheath Advice on ergonomics and home exercise programmes aimed at restoring range of motion and scapular stabilisation Red Flags Night pain and systemic symptoms (fever, weight loss) suggesting malignancy or infection Traumatic onset with a clearly unstable shoulder indicating possible fracture, acute dislocation, or significant rotator cuff tear Neurological signs such as numbness, weakness, or paraesthesia raising concern for cervical radiculopathy or brachial plexopathy Other Interventions Shockwave therapy for resistant tendinopathies Surgical referral for recurrent shoulder dislocations, rotator cuff tears not responsive to conservative treatment, significant labral injuries, or severe acromioclavicular joint arthritis Close follow-up with rehabilitation to ensure proper healing and maintain shoulder function Bookmark Failed! 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Log In Get started Bookmarks Help Progress 0% Cardiovascular AAA + Rupture AC dislocation ATSI Abdominal pain in kids Abnormal/Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (AUB/DUB) Acanthosis Nigricans Acne Acromegaly Actinic Cheilitis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute Swollen Joint with Fever Acute Vision Loss Acute and Progressive Vision Loss Addisons Adjustment Disorder and Anxiety Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Age related macular degeneration Alcohol Cessation Allergic rhinitis Alopecia Amenorrhoea Anaphylaxis Angina Angular Cheilitis Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Anorexia Nervosa Anticholinergics and TCAs Antidepressants Antimetabolite drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antipsychotics Anxiety Disorders Aortic Dissection Arrhythmia Asthma Asthma Atrial Fibrillation Back pain Behavioural / learning disorders Behavioural disturbances Bell’s palsy and Ramsey Hunt syndrome Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) Biologic agents Bipolar Disorder Bleeding disorders Blepharitis Breast Cancer Breast Lump Bronchiectasis (Updated) CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125) CRPS CVD Risk Assessment Calluses and Corns Candida (Candidiasis as an STI) Carpal tunnel syndrome and de quervains tenosynovitis Cellulite Cervical spondylosis Chest pain Chickenpox (Varicella) Chilblains Cholesteatoma Chronic Cough in Children Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Chronic Rhinosinusitis Chronic Stridor Clavicular fracture Clozapine Coeliacs Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations Congestive Cardiac Failure Connective Tissue Diseases Constipation Contact Dermatitis Cracked Heel Croup Cushings Cutaneous Drug Eruptions DKA vs HHS Dacrocystitis, dacyrostenosis, dacyrocystocoele Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Delerium Dementia Depression and Delirium Dermal melanocystosis (mongolian spot) Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) Diabetes Diabetes Insipidus (DI) vs Primary Polydipsia Diabetic Neuropathy Diarrhoea Diplopia Dizziness / syncope Down syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dupuytrens / trigger finger Dyspepsia Dyspnoea (Shortness of Breath) ECG ECG Findings ECG Patterns CONCISE COMPREHENSIVE Eating Disorders Risk Factors Female Family history Body dissatisfaction Negative self-evaluation Idealisation of thinness Dieting Perfectionism or high personal standards History of trauma or abuse Peer pressure or societal influences promoting thinness Sports or activities emphasizing leanness (e.g., ballet, gymnastics) Comorbid psychiatric conditions (depression, anxiety, OCD) Diagnostic Questions SCOFF Questionnaire Sick: Do you make yourself sick because you feel uncomfortably full? Control: Do you worry you have lost control over how much you eat? One stone: Have you lost >6 kg in 3 months? Fat: Do you believe you are fat despite others saying you are thin? Food: Does food dominate your life?Interpretation: Score ≥2 → likely eating disorder, needs further evaluation Additional Questions Does your weight affect how you feel about yourself? Do you feel guilty after eating? Do you compare your body to others? Any mood or anxiety changes related to eating? Any eating rituals (e.g., cutting food into small pieces)? Physical symptoms (dizziness, fatigue)? Do you avoid certain foods/food groups? Why? Notes: Screen for comorbid mental health issues (depression, anxiety, substance abuse) Assess the impact of eating behaviours on daily life (e.g., school, work) Consider cultural and societal influences on body image and eating patterns Evaluate for physical complications: malnutrition, electrolyte imbalances, cardiac issues Use a multidisciplinary approach (mental health, dietitians, medical team) Early intervention: Improves prognosis, reduces long-term complications Approach: Non-judgmental, supportive conversations about body image and eating Follow-up: Regular reviews to monitor progress and adjust treatment Eating Disorders Risk Factors Female sex: Eating disorders are more prevalent in females, although males are increasingly affected. Family history: Genetic predisposition or shared environmental factors. Body dissatisfaction: Negative body image; idealisation of thinness. Negative self-evaluation: Low self-esteem, perfectionism, or high personal standards. Dieting behaviour: Restrictive eating patterns can precede an eating disorder. History of trauma or abuse: Physical, sexual, or emotional trauma can be a contributing factor. Peer or societal pressure: Emphasis on thinness in social groups, media, or certain cultures. Sports or activities emphasising leanness: Ballet, gymnastics, distance running, etc. Comorbid psychiatric conditions: Depression, anxiety, OCD, substance use disorders. Diagnostic Questions SCOFF Questionnaire (quick screening tool): Sick: Do you make yourself sick because you feel uncomfortably full? Control: Do you worry you have lost control over how much you eat? One stone: Have you lost more than 6 kg in a 3-month period? Fat: Do you believe you are fat when others say you are too thin? Food: Does food dominate your life? Interpretation: A score ≥2 suggests a likely eating disorder; further assessment is warranted. Additional Questions Does your weight influence your self-esteem or how you feel about yourself? Do you feel guilty after eating? Do you frequently compare your body shape or weight to others? Do you experience mood or anxiety changes related to eating? Are there any eating rituals (e.g. cutting food into small pieces, food avoidance)? Do you experience physical symptoms like dizziness or fatigue? Do you avoid specific foods or entire food groups? Why? Bookmark Failed! Bookmark Saved! Add Bookmark Refresh Refresh

Log In Get started Bookmarks Help Progress 0% Cardiovascular AAA + Rupture AC dislocation ATSI Abdominal pain in kids Abnormal/Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (AUB/DUB) Acanthosis Nigricans Acne Acromegaly Actinic Cheilitis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute Swollen Joint with Fever Acute Vision Loss Acute and Progressive Vision Loss Addisons Adjustment Disorder and Anxiety Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Age related macular degeneration Alcohol Cessation Allergic rhinitis Alopecia Amenorrhoea Anaphylaxis Angina Angular Cheilitis Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Anorexia Nervosa Anticholinergics and TCAs Antidepressants Antimetabolite drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antipsychotics Anxiety Disorders Aortic Dissection Arrhythmia Asthma Asthma Atrial Fibrillation Back pain Behavioural / learning disorders Behavioural disturbances Bell’s palsy and Ramsey Hunt syndrome Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) Biologic agents Bipolar Disorder Bleeding disorders Blepharitis Breast Cancer Breast Lump Bronchiectasis (Updated) CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125) CRPS CVD Risk Assessment Calluses and Corns Candida (Candidiasis as an STI) Carpal tunnel syndrome and de quervains tenosynovitis Cellulite Cervical spondylosis Chest pain Chickenpox (Varicella) Chilblains Cholesteatoma Chronic Cough in Children Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Chronic Rhinosinusitis Chronic Stridor Clavicular fracture Clozapine Coeliacs Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations Congestive Cardiac Failure Connective Tissue Diseases Constipation Contact Dermatitis Cracked Heel Croup Cushings Cutaneous Drug Eruptions DKA vs HHS Dacrocystitis, dacyrostenosis, dacyrocystocoele Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Delerium Dementia Depression and Delirium Dermal melanocystosis (mongolian spot) Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) Diabetes Diabetes Insipidus (DI) vs Primary Polydipsia Diabetic Neuropathy Diarrhoea Diplopia Dizziness / syncope Down syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dupuytrens / trigger finger Dyspepsia Dyspnoea (Shortness of Breath) ECG ECG Findings ECG Patterns CONCISE COMPREHENSIVE Short Stature Definition Height below the 3rd centile for age and sex Growth Drivers Neonatal: Nutrition Childhood: Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) Adolescence: Sex steroids Differentials Physiological Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP): Delayed puberty, family history, normal predicted adult height Familial short stature: Genetically short but following mid-parental height trajectory Pathological Perinatal: Prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), low birth weight Nutritional: Malnutrition, poor feeding, anorexia nervosa Chronic illness: Coeliac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, renal or cardiac disease Endocrine: Growth hormone deficiency (↓ velocity, delayed bone age), hypothyroidism, Turner syndrome Psychosocial: Chronic stress, neglect Investigations Bloods: FBC, ESR, UEC, LFTs, TFTs, coeliac serology, IGF-1 Bone age X-ray: Wrist X-ray to assess skeletal maturation Specialist tests: Karyotype for Turner syndrome, GH stimulation test for suspected deficiency Management Physiological Causes CDGP: Reassurance, monitoring, short-course sex steroids if significant distress Pathological Causes Treat underlying condition (e.g., gluten-free diet for coeliac disease, thyroxine for hypothyroidism) GH therapy for growth hormone deficiency (specialist-led) Referral Height below the 1st centile Crossing ≥2 centile lines downward Significant deviation from mid-parental height Delayed puberty: Girls: No breast development by 13 Boys: Testes <4 mL by 14 Notes Monitor growth velocity over time CDGP: Delayed bone age but normal growth velocity Short Stature Definition Height below the 3rd centile for age and sex on standard growth charts Often defined by significant deviation from mid-parental height Growth Drivers Neonatal: Primarily influenced by nutrition Childhood: Governed by growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels Adolescence: Driven by sex steroids contributing to the pubertal growth spurt Differential Diagnosis Physiological Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) with normal adult height and family history Familial short stature based on genetic potential from mid-parental height Pathological Perinatal factors such as prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and low birth weight Nutritional deficiencies from malnutrition, poor feeding or anorexia Chronic illnesses including coeliac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, renal or cardiac disorders Endocrine disorders such as growth hormone deficiency (evidenced by low growth velocity and delayed bone age), hypothyroidism, Turner syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome and SHOX gene disorders Psychosocial factors including stress, neglect and chronic emotional deprivation Investigations Blood tests Full blood count, urea and electrolytes, comprehensive metabolic panel and liver function tests Thyroid function tests and coeliac serology to exclude nutritional or endocrine causes Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels to assess GH status Bone age assessment Wrist X-ray to compare bone age with chronological age and assess growth potential Growth velocity Serial height measurements over at least 12 months (minimum three readings, spaced 3 months apart) Specialist evaluations GH stimulation test if growth hormone deficiency is suspected Chromosomal analysis (karyotyping) for conditions such as Turner syndrome Management Physiological causes (CDGP, familial short stature) Reassure families and monitor growth and pubertal progression with regular follow-up Consider short-course sex steroids if the delay causes significant distress Pathological causes Address underlying nutritional deficiencies and chronic illnesses with appropriate dietary or medical therapy Treat endocrine disorders with thyroxine replacement for hypothyroidism or initiate GH therapy for confirmed growth hormone deficiency under specialist guidance Referral criteria Height below the 1st centile or crossing two or more centile lines downward Significant deviation from mid-parental height Delayed puberty with no breast development by 13 in girls or testicular volume <4 mL by 14 in boys Notes Most cases of short stature are due to constitutional delay; pathological causes account for only 10–15% of cases Interpretation of a child’s growth should always be contextualised with parental heights and family history Regular monitoring of growth velocity and bone age is essential to guide management Growth hormone therapy is available through specialist referral and is indicated for children with confirmed GH deficiency or other endocrine causes Early identification and treatment of underlying conditions optimise adult height and long-term health outcomes A multidisciplinary approach involving paediatric endocrinologists, gynaecologists and dietitians improves management of complex cases Psychosocial support and counselling are important, particularly when neglect or emotional stress contribute to growth impairment Bookmark Failed! 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Log In Get started Bookmarks Help Progress 0% Cardiovascular AAA + Rupture AC dislocation ATSI Abdominal pain in kids Abnormal/Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (AUB/DUB) Acanthosis Nigricans Acne Acromegaly Actinic Cheilitis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute Swollen Joint with Fever Acute Vision Loss Acute and Progressive Vision Loss Addisons Adjustment Disorder and Anxiety Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Age related macular degeneration Alcohol Cessation Allergic rhinitis Alopecia Amenorrhoea Anaphylaxis Angina Angular Cheilitis Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Anorexia Nervosa Anticholinergics and TCAs Antidepressants Antimetabolite drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antipsychotics Anxiety Disorders Aortic Dissection Arrhythmia Asthma Asthma Atrial Fibrillation Back pain Behavioural / learning disorders Behavioural disturbances Bell’s palsy and Ramsey Hunt syndrome Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) Biologic agents Bipolar Disorder Bleeding disorders Blepharitis Breast Cancer Breast Lump Bronchiectasis (Updated) CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125) CRPS CVD Risk Assessment Calluses and Corns Candida (Candidiasis as an STI) Carpal tunnel syndrome and de quervains tenosynovitis Cellulite Cervical spondylosis Chest pain Chickenpox (Varicella) Chilblains Cholesteatoma Chronic Cough in Children Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Chronic Rhinosinusitis Chronic Stridor Clavicular fracture Clozapine Coeliacs Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations Congestive Cardiac Failure Connective Tissue Diseases Constipation Contact Dermatitis Cracked Heel Croup Cushings Cutaneous Drug Eruptions DKA vs HHS Dacrocystitis, dacyrostenosis, dacyrocystocoele Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Delerium Dementia Depression and Delirium Dermal melanocystosis (mongolian spot) Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) Diabetes Diabetes Insipidus (DI) vs Primary Polydipsia Diabetic Neuropathy Diarrhoea Diplopia Dizziness / syncope Down syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dupuytrens / trigger finger Dyspepsia Dyspnoea (Shortness of Breath) ECG ECG Findings ECG Patterns CONCISE COMPREHENSIVE Stroke Acute Management (Ischaemic) Aspirin 300mg stat if CT excludes bleed; continue 100mg daily thereafter BP target pre-thrombolysis: <185/110mmHg; post-thrombolysis: <140/90mmHg (use GTN or labetalol) Thrombolysis: Within 4.5 hours of symptom onset (e.g., alteplase) Endovascular thrombectomy: Perform within 6 hours (up to 24hrs if salvageable tissue seen on imaging) Thrombectomy: Indications and Timing Large vessel occlusion (MCA, basilar artery), salvageable penumbra on CT/MR perfusion imaging Standard within 6 hours, extended up to 24 hours with salvageable tissue Haemorrhagic Stroke Stop anticoagulants/antiplatelets; reverse anticoagulation if needed (e.g., vitamin K, FFP) BP target: <140mmHg systolic Avoid chemical DVT prophylaxis for 48hrs; use mechanical prophylaxis instead Refer to neurosurgery urgently Contraindications to Thrombolysis/Thrombectomy Intracranial haemorrhage, active bleeding/coagulopathy Ischaemic stroke or major trauma in the past 3 months BP >185/110mmHg Rehabilitation (Multidisciplinary) Early stroke unit involvement: Physiotherapy: Mobility, balance, strength training Occupational therapy: ADLs, adaptive techniques Speech therapy: Swallowing, speech recovery Dietitian: Nutrition support, dysphagia management Social worker: Support services, discharge planning Goals: Maximise independence, prevent complications (DVT, contractures, aspiration) Secondary Prevention BP control: Target <140/90mmHg (ACEI/ARB, CCB preferred) Diabetes management: Optimise HbA1c target ≤7%, lifestyle measures + metformin 1st line if T2DM Smoking cessation: Strong recommendation with NRT, behavioural support, or pharmacotherapy Other measures: Statins: High-potency (e.g., atorvastatin 40–80mg) Antiplatelets: Aspirin + dipyridamole or clopidogrel SNAP risk factors: Smoking, Nutrition, Alcohol, Physical activity Post-hospital Discharge Assess suitability of care plan for post-stroke impairment/disability Ensure carer support (e.g., discuss respite care if necessary) Facilitate ongoing rehabilitation (OT, physiotherapy) Prescribe secondary prevention medications as appropriate Advise on SNAP goals (support for smoking cessation) Inform about driving restrictions: 2 weeks for TIA, 4 weeks for stroke Ensure diet is suitable for swallow function to prevent aspiration Refer to Stroke Foundation Australia for additional support Longer-term Goals Review for residual disability/impairment and optimise lifestyle Monitor for fatigue or depression, offering psychological interventions if necessary Screen for aspiration risks (e.g., cough, chest infections) Optimise comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension Stroke Acute Management (Ischaemic) Aspirin 300mg stat if non-haemorrhagic stroke confirmed on imaging, continue 100mg daily thereafter Blood pressure control Pre-thrombolysis: <185/110mmHg Post-thrombolysis: <140/90mmHg (use IV antihypertensives such as GTN or labetalol) Thrombolysis Give IV alteplase within 4.5 hours of symptom onset Ensure CT/MRI excludes haemorrhage and no contraindications Aim for door-to-needle time <60 minutes Endovascular Thrombectomy Recommended for large vessel occlusion (MCA, basilar) Ideally within 6 hours of onset Extended window (up to 24 hours) for selected patients with salvageable tissue on advanced imaging Thrombectomy: Indications and Timing Large vessel occlusion in anterior circulation, confirmed on CTA/MRA Perfusion imaging (CTP/MR perfusion) demonstrates salvageable penumbra Key time frames Standard up to 6 hours Extended up to 24 hours if perfusion imaging shows ongoing viability Haemorrhagic Stroke Reverse anticoagulation if present (vitamin K, prothrombin complex concentrate or FFP) Target systolic BP <140mmHg Avoid chemical DVT prophylaxis for first 48 hours, use mechanical prophylaxis (intermittent pneumatic compression) Urgent neurosurgical referral for possible surgical intervention if large haematoma or elevated intracranial pressure Contraindications to Thrombolysis/Thrombectomy Intracranial haemorrhage, active bleeding, coagulopathy Recent ischaemic stroke or significant trauma in the past 3 months Persistent severe hypertension >185/110mmHg Uncertain time of onset beyond approved windows Rehabilitation (Multidisciplinary) Early stroke unit involvement improves outcomes Physiotherapy: Mobility, balance, and strength training Occupational therapy: Activities of daily living, adaptive techniques Speech therapy: Swallowing, speech and language recovery Dietitian: Nutrition optimisation, dysphagia management Social work: Support services, carer planning, discharge coordination Aim to maximise functional recovery and prevent complications such as aspiration pneumonia, contractures, and DVT Secondary Prevention Blood pressure control Target <140/90mmHg in most patients ACEI/ARB or CCB often first-line, especially if accompanied by diabetes or LVH Diabetes management Aim for HbA1c ≤7% in type 2 diabetes Emphasise dietary measures, exercise, and optimal medication adjustments Smoking cessation Strongly recommended (NRT, varenicline, or bupropion plus behavioural support) Lipid management High-potency statins (e.g. atorvastatin 40–80mg) Consider ezetimibe if statin intolerance Antiplatelet therapy Aspirin 100mg daily plus dipyridamole SR 200mg twice daily Alternatively, clopidogrel monotherapy 75mg daily Some guidelines recommend short-term dual antiplatelet therapy (e.g. aspirin + clopidogrel for 21–90 days) in minor stroke/TIA SNAP risk factor optimisation (Smoking, Nutrition, Alcohol, Physical activity) Post-Hospital Discharge Assess ongoing rehabilitation needs and develop tailored care plan Ensure adequate carer support and consider respite care if required Ongoing therapy (physiotherapy, occupational therapy) for at least 6–12 weeks Long-term secondary prevention medications (antiplatelet/antihypertensive/statin) Driving restrictions TIA: No driving for 2 weeks Stroke: Minimum 4 weeks, then conditional on medical clearance Ensure safe swallow (monitor for aspiration risk) Advise on lifestyle measures and regular follow-up with GP or stroke clinic Longer-Term Goals Review for residual impairments and address complications such as spasticity or neuropathic pain Monitor mood and cognition, as post-stroke depression and fatigue are common Encourage ongoing exercise or community programs for fitness and social support Optimise comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes to reduce recurrent stroke risk Assess for persistent dysphagia and malnutrition if patient has recurrent chest infections or weight loss Notes: Early recognition of stroke is crucial (FAST: Face, Arms, Speech, Time), and immediate ED referral can reduce morbidity Telestroke services can expedite thrombolysis decisions for rural areas Uncomplicated haemorrhagic strokes with stable imaging may require conservative management, but close observation for expansion is essential Stroke Foundation resources can support patients and families with education and self-management strategies Bookmark Failed! 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Log In Get started Bookmarks Help Progress 0% Cardiovascular AAA + Rupture AC dislocation ATSI Abdominal pain in kids Abnormal/Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (AUB/DUB) Acanthosis Nigricans Acne Acromegaly Actinic Cheilitis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute Swollen Joint with Fever Acute Vision Loss Acute and Progressive Vision Loss Addisons Adjustment Disorder and Anxiety Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Age related macular degeneration Alcohol Cessation Allergic rhinitis Alopecia Amenorrhoea Anaphylaxis Angina Angular Cheilitis Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Anorexia Nervosa Anticholinergics and TCAs Antidepressants Antimetabolite drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antipsychotics Anxiety Disorders Aortic Dissection Arrhythmia Asthma Asthma Atrial Fibrillation Back pain Behavioural / learning disorders Behavioural disturbances Bell’s palsy and Ramsey Hunt syndrome Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) Biologic agents Bipolar Disorder Bleeding disorders Blepharitis Breast Cancer Breast Lump Bronchiectasis (Updated) CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125) CRPS CVD Risk Assessment Calluses and Corns Candida (Candidiasis as an STI) Carpal tunnel syndrome and de quervains tenosynovitis Cellulite Cervical spondylosis Chest pain Chickenpox (Varicella) Chilblains Cholesteatoma Chronic Cough in Children Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Chronic Rhinosinusitis Chronic Stridor Clavicular fracture Clozapine Coeliacs Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations Congestive Cardiac Failure Connective Tissue Diseases Constipation Contact Dermatitis Cracked Heel Croup Cushings Cutaneous Drug Eruptions DKA vs HHS Dacrocystitis, dacyrostenosis, dacyrocystocoele Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Delerium Dementia Depression and Delirium Dermal melanocystosis (mongolian spot) Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) Diabetes Diabetes Insipidus (DI) vs Primary Polydipsia Diabetic Neuropathy Diarrhoea Diplopia Dizziness / syncope Down syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dupuytrens / trigger finger Dyspepsia Dyspnoea (Shortness of Breath) ECG ECG Findings ECG Patterns CONCISE COMPREHENSIVE Gout Triggers High purine foods (e.g., shellfish, organ meats, red meat) Fructose-rich drinks, alcohol (beer/spirits) Trauma to joints, systemic illness with fever Dehydration Medications: Aspirin (low dose), thiazides, loop diuretics Clinical Features Acute Gout: Sudden, monoarticular (commonly 1st MTP joint) Intense pain, erythema, swelling, warmth Pain peaks within 24 hours; fever and malaise common Mimics septic arthritis Chronic Gout: Recurrent, oligo-/polyarticular involvement Tophi: Deposits in joints (elbows, fingers, toes) causing deformity Chronic arthritis → joint destruction, disability Associated with cardiovascular and renal comorbidities Diagnosis Joint Aspiration: Needle-shaped monosodium urate crystals with negative birefringence (gold standard) Serum Uric Acid: May be normal during a flare; use for chronic monitoring Imaging: X-ray shows joint damage, erosions, or tophi Acute Flare Management First-Line: Prednisolone: 15–30 mg PO daily for 3–5 days Ibuprofen: 400 mg TDS for 5 days Intra-articular corticosteroids for ≤2 joints Second-Line: Colchicine: 1 mg stat, then 500 mcg 1 hour later (max 1.5 mg/day) Non-Pharmacological Advice: Hydration (2–3 L/day) Avoid high-purine foods, alcohol, and sugary drinks Weight loss, regular exercise, smoking cessation Rapid Symptom Relief: Combine colchicine with NSAIDs or prednisolone (avoid NSAID + steroid combo due to GI toxicity) Long-Term Treatment Urate-Lowering Therapy (ULT): Allopurinol: Start 50 mg daily, titrate every 2–4 weeks to max 900 mg daily Do not stop during flares; treat flares alongside ULT Target serum urate: <0.36 mmol/L (or <0.30 mmol/L with tophi) Alternatives: Febuxostat if allopurinol-intolerant Prophylaxis (6 months minimum): Colchicine: 500 mcg daily Ibuprofen: 200–400 mg TDS Prednisolone: 5 mg daily (specialist advice) Patient Counselling Importance of lifelong ULT to prevent flares, joint damage, and cardiovascular risk Explain triggers and how to avoid them (e.g., diet, hydration, alcohol moderation) Do not stop ULT during flares; use prophylaxis to prevent exacerbations Emphasise adherence to reduce flares and resolve tophi Complications Chronic gouty arthritis with joint deformity Tophaceous gout: Deposits in fingers, toes, elbows Chronic kidney disease, urate nephrolithiasis Increased cardiovascular disease risk Gout Triggers High Purine Foods: Shellfish, organ meats (liver, kidney), red meat Fructose-Rich Drinks: Soft drinks, fruit juices (particularly high-fructose corn syrup) Alcohol (beer, spirits) Trauma to Joints, systemic illness, or fever Dehydration Medications: Low-dose aspirin, thiazide/loop diuretics, cyclosporine Clinical Features Acute Gout Typically monoarticular (often the first metatarsophalangeal joint—podagra) Sudden onset of intense pain, erythema, swelling, and warmth Pain peaks within 24 hours, may have fever or malaise Can mimic septic arthritis (always consider joint aspiration if doubt) Chronic Gout Recurrent or oligo-/polyarticular involvement Tophi: Urate crystal deposits (elbows, fingers, toes) → deformities Leads to chronic arthritis, possible joint destruction Associated with cardiovascular and renal co-morbidities Diagnosis Joint Aspiration (Gold Standard): Needle-shaped monosodium urate (MSU) crystals showing negative birefringence under polarised light Serum Uric Acid: May be normal during acute flares; more useful for chronic monitoring Imaging: X-ray may show erosions or ‘punched-out’ lesions, tophi, joint damage in chronic cases Acute Flare Management First-Line Prednisolone: 15–30 mg PO daily for 3–5 days or short taper Intra-articular Corticosteroids if 1–2 joints involved, under sterile technique Second-Line Colchicine: 1 mg stat, then 500 mcg 1 hour later (max 1.5 mg/day) Lower doses if renal impairment or drug interactions Non-Pharmacological Advice Hydration: 2–3 L fluid/day unless contraindicated Avoid high-purine foods, excessive alcohol, and sugary drinks Weight loss, regular exercise, smoking cessation For rapid relief in severe attacks, combination therapy with colchicine plus NSAIDs or low-dose prednisolone may be used carefully (avoid combining NSAIDs + steroids due to GI toxicity) Long-Term Treatment Urate-Lowering Therapy (ULT) Allopurinol: Start at 50 mg daily, titrate every 2–4 weeks up to 900 mg/day as needed Continue ULT during acute flares (do not stop abruptly) Target serum urate <0.36 mmol/L (or <0.30 mmol/L if tophi present) Febuxostat: Alternative if allopurinol-intolerant or in case of allopurinol hypersensitivity Prophylaxis (During ULT Initiation, Minimum 6 Months) Colchicine 500 mcg once daily NSAIDs (e.g. ibuprofen 200–400 mg TDS) if no contraindications Low-Dose Corticosteroids (5 mg prednisolone daily) in special scenarios under specialist advice Patient Counselling Long-Term ULT is needed to prevent further flares, joint damage, and reduce cardiovascular risks Lifestyle modifications: diet (low purine), weight control, hydration, avoid triggers (alcohol, sugar-sweetened beverages) Do not stop allopurinol (or febuxostat) during acute flares; use prophylaxis to minimise flare frequency Emphasise adherence to reduce flares and help resolve tophi over time Complications Chronic Gouty Arthritis → progressive joint deformity Tophaceous Gout: Large urate deposits in joints and subcutaneous tissues Renal: Urate nephropathy, kidney stones Cardiovascular Risk: Hyperuricaemia associated with hypertension, metabolic syndrome Bookmark Failed! 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Log In Get started Bookmarks Help Progress 0% Cardiovascular AAA + Rupture AC dislocation ATSI Abdominal pain in kids Abnormal/Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (AUB/DUB) Acanthosis Nigricans Acne Acromegaly Actinic Cheilitis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute Swollen Joint with Fever Acute Vision Loss Acute and Progressive Vision Loss Addisons Adjustment Disorder and Anxiety Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Age related macular degeneration Alcohol Cessation Allergic rhinitis Alopecia Amenorrhoea Anaphylaxis Angina Angular Cheilitis Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Anorexia Nervosa Anticholinergics and TCAs Antidepressants Antimetabolite drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antipsychotics Anxiety Disorders Aortic Dissection Arrhythmia Asthma Asthma Atrial Fibrillation Back pain Behavioural / learning disorders Behavioural disturbances Bell’s palsy and Ramsey Hunt syndrome Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) Biologic agents Bipolar Disorder Bleeding disorders Blepharitis Breast Cancer Breast Lump Bronchiectasis (Updated) CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125) CRPS CVD Risk Assessment Calluses and Corns Candida (Candidiasis as an STI) Carpal tunnel syndrome and de quervains tenosynovitis Cellulite Cervical spondylosis Chest pain Chickenpox (Varicella) Chilblains Cholesteatoma Chronic Cough in Children Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Chronic Rhinosinusitis Chronic Stridor Clavicular fracture Clozapine Coeliacs Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations Congestive Cardiac Failure Connective Tissue Diseases Constipation Contact Dermatitis Cracked Heel Croup Cushings Cutaneous Drug Eruptions DKA vs HHS Dacrocystitis, dacyrostenosis, dacyrocystocoele Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Delerium Dementia Depression and Delirium Dermal melanocystosis (mongolian spot) Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) Diabetes Diabetes Insipidus (DI) vs Primary Polydipsia Diabetic Neuropathy Diarrhoea Diplopia Dizziness / syncope Down syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dupuytrens / trigger finger Dyspepsia Dyspnoea (Shortness of Breath) ECG ECG Findings ECG Patterns CONCISE COMPREHENSIVE Spondyloarthritides Types Ankylosing Spondylitis Reactive Arthritis: Often follows STIs (e.g., Chlamydia) or gastroenteritis Enteropathic Arthritis: Associated with IBD (e.g., Crohn’s, UC) Psoriatic Arthritis Pathophysiology Inflammatory arthropathy with common clinical/radiological features HLA-B27 positivity: Found in 90% of ankylosing spondylitis cases 5% of HLA-B27+ individuals develop the disease Testing only when clinically indicated Hallmarks: Inflammatory back pain, enthesitis (tendon/ligament insertion inflammation) Often affects lower limb, larger joints (e.g., knees, ankles) Presentation Inflammatory Back Pain: Insidious onset, worse in the morning, improves with activity Stiffness >30 minutes Peripheral Arthritis: Larger joints Enthesitis: Heel pain (Achilles tendon tenderness) Spinal Involvement: Sacroiliitis: Pain and tenderness in SI joints Extra-Articular Features Bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain (enteropathic arthritis) Psoriatic rash, nail pitting, keratoderma blennorrhagica (reactive arthritis) Urethral discharge (reactive arthritis, post-STI) Uveitis (pain, redness, blurred vision) Enthesitis Spondylitis (inflammation of spine) characterised sacroilitis (inflammation SI joints) - lower back pain/stiffness, SI joint tenderness Investigations Blood Tests: RF/anti-CCP negative (distinguishes from RA) ESR/CRP elevated, anaemia of chronic disease Joint Aspirate: Inflammatory (elevated WCC, neutrophilic predominance) Imaging: X-rays: Sacroiliitis, bamboo spine (ankylosing spondylitis) MRI: Early sacroiliitis or spinal inflammation Management 1. Non-Pharmacological Exercise/Physiotherapy: Maintain mobility, stretching exercises Occupational Therapy: Adaptive techniques 2. Pharmacological NSAIDs: First-line in all spondyloarthritides Corticosteroids: Intra-articular: For local joint inflammation Oral: 10–50 mg prednisone daily for severe reactive arthritis, taper as symptoms improve DMARDs: For peripheral joint involvement in psoriatic/enteropathic arthritis (e.g., methotrexate, sulfasalazine) Biologics: TNF-alpha inhibitors for severe or refractory cases, especially ankylosing spondylitis Notes Symptoms appear 1–3 weeks post-infection (STI, enteric) May feature keratoderma blennorrhagica (pustular rash on palms/soles) Treat infection with antibiotics; arthritis course unaffected Spondyloarthritides Types Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Reactive Arthritis: Commonly follows STIs (Chlamydia) or gastroenteritis Enteropathic Arthritis: Associated with IBD (Crohn’s, UC) Psoriatic Arthritis Pathophysiology Group of inflammatory arthropathies sharing clinical/radiological features. HLA-B27 positivity (~90% in AS, but only 5% of HLA-B27 carriers develop disease). Hallmarks: Inflammatory back pain, enthesitis (inflammation at tendon/ligament insertions). Commonly affects lower limbs and larger peripheral joints (knees, ankles). Presentation Inflammatory Back Pain Insidious onset, morning stiffness >30 minutes, improves with activity. Common in SI joints (sacroiliitis). Peripheral Arthritis Larger joints (knees, ankles), often asymmetric involvement. Enthesitis E.g. Achilles tendon tenderness, plantar fascia insertion pain. Extra-Articular Features IBD (bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain) with enteropathic arthritis. Psoriasis (psoriatic rash, nail pitting) in psoriatic arthritis. Urethritis and cervicitis with reactive arthritis (post-STI). Uveitis (eye pain, redness, blurred vision) can occur in all spondyloarthritides. Investigations Blood Tests RF/anti-CCP typically negative (distinguishes from rheumatoid arthritis). ESR/CRP elevated, possible anaemia of chronic disease. Joint Aspirate: Inflammatory pattern (raised WCC, mostly neutrophils). Imaging X-ray: Sacroiliitis, “bamboo spine” in ankylosing spondylitis. MRI: Early detection of sacroiliitis or spinal inflammation. Management 1. Non-Pharmacological Exercise/Physiotherapy: Maintain mobility, stretching, posture training (especially in AS). Occupational Therapy: Support with adaptive techniques. 2. Pharmacological NSAIDs First-line for pain and inflammation in all spondyloarthritides. Corticosteroids Intra-articular injections for local joint flares. Oral steroids (10–50 mg prednisone daily) for severe reactive arthritis or significant flares; taper as symptoms improve. DMARDs For peripheral joint involvement (psoriatic/enteropathic arthritis): Methotrexate, sulfasalazine. Less effect on spinal disease in ankylosing spondylitis. Biologics (e.g., TNF-alpha inhibitors) Indicated in severe or refractory cases, especially ankylosing spondylitis. Notes Reactive arthritis onset 1–3 weeks post-infection (STI, enteric). Keratoderma blennorrhagica: Pustular rash on palms/soles (seen in reactive/psoriatic). Treat underlying infection with antibiotics; arthritis course may be unaffected by antibiotic therapy once the infection is cleared. HLA-B27 testing useful if clinical suspicion of spondyloarthropathy is high. Bookmark Failed! Bookmark Saved! Add Bookmark Refresh Refresh

Log In Get started Bookmarks Help Progress 0% Cardiovascular AAA + Rupture AC dislocation ATSI Abdominal pain in kids Abnormal/Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (AUB/DUB) Acanthosis Nigricans Acne Acromegaly Actinic Cheilitis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute Swollen Joint with Fever Acute Vision Loss Acute and Progressive Vision Loss Addisons Adjustment Disorder and Anxiety Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Age related macular degeneration Alcohol Cessation Allergic rhinitis Alopecia Amenorrhoea Anaphylaxis Angina Angular Cheilitis Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Anorexia Nervosa Anticholinergics and TCAs Antidepressants Antimetabolite drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antipsychotics Anxiety Disorders Aortic Dissection Arrhythmia Asthma Asthma Atrial Fibrillation Back pain Behavioural / learning disorders Behavioural disturbances Bell’s palsy and Ramsey Hunt syndrome Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) Biologic agents Bipolar Disorder Bleeding disorders Blepharitis Breast Cancer Breast Lump Bronchiectasis (Updated) CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125) CRPS CVD Risk Assessment Calluses and Corns Candida (Candidiasis as an STI) Carpal tunnel syndrome and de quervains tenosynovitis Cellulite Cervical spondylosis Chest pain Chickenpox (Varicella) Chilblains Cholesteatoma Chronic Cough in Children Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Chronic Rhinosinusitis Chronic Stridor Clavicular fracture Clozapine Coeliacs Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations Congestive Cardiac Failure Connective Tissue Diseases Constipation Contact Dermatitis Cracked Heel Croup Cushings Cutaneous Drug Eruptions DKA vs HHS Dacrocystitis, dacyrostenosis, dacyrocystocoele Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Delerium Dementia Depression and Delirium Dermal melanocystosis (mongolian spot) Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) Diabetes Diabetes Insipidus (DI) vs Primary Polydipsia Diabetic Neuropathy Diarrhoea Diplopia Dizziness / syncope Down syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dupuytrens / trigger finger Dyspepsia Dyspnoea (Shortness of Breath) ECG ECG Findings ECG Patterns CONCISE COMPREHENSIVE Stye, Chalazion, Blepharitis Stye (Hordeolum) External: Infection of eyelash follicle or glands (Zeis/Moll) Internal: Meibomian gland infection Features: Red, tender, painful swelling near lid margin Treatment: Warm compress 2–4x daily (resolve in ~1 month) Avoid squeezing (prevents spread) Persistent/large → I&D (ophthalmology referral) Recurrent → assess for blepharitis/meibomian dysfunction Chalazion (Meibomian Cyst) Features: Firm, painless, slow-growing lump (blocked meibomian gland) Treatment: Warm compress 2–4x daily (1 month) Persistent → I&C or steroid injection (ophthalmology) Recurrent → assess for rosacea/blepharitis Blepharitis Types: Anterior: Affects eyelid margins/eyelashes (crusting/scales) Posterior: Affects meibomian glands (blocked glands, foamy tears) Associations: Staphylococcal infection, seborrhoea, rosacea, allergy Treatment: General: Warm compress 2–4x daily Eyelid hygiene (proprietary cleansers; avoid baby shampoo) Lubricating eye drops Anterior: Chloramphenicol 1% ointment OD (if bacterial) Posterior: Doxycycline 100 mg OD (4–8 weeks, reduce to 50 mg) Topical azithromycin if severe (doxycycline contraindicated) Firm eyelid massage (express blocked oils) NB: Address underlying rosacea/seborrhoea to prevent recurrence Complications: Keratitis, chalazion, dry eye syndrome Stye (Hordeolum), Chalazion (Meibomian Cyst), and Blepharitis Stye (Hordeolum) Definition External Hordeolum: Infection of eyelash follicle or glands of Zeis/Moll. Internal Hordeolum: Meibomian gland infection (deep). Features Red, tender, painful swelling near the eyelid margin. May show a small pustule or localized swelling. Management Warm Compresses 2–4× daily for ~10–15 minutes; usually resolves within ~1 month. Avoid Squeezing: Prevents spread of infection or scarring. Persistent or Large: Incision & drainage (ophthalmology referral). Recurrent: Assess for underlying blepharitis or meibomian gland dysfunction. Chalazion (Meibomian Cyst) Definition A firm, painless lump in the eyelid from a blocked Meibomian gland. Slower-growing than a stye; typically not tender. Features Firm, non-tender nodule in tarsal plate. May cause mild lid swelling or cosmetic concern. Management Warm Compresses 2–4× daily for ~1 month to aid drainage. Persistent Chalazion: Incision & curettage or steroid injection by ophthalmology. Recurrent: Evaluate for rosacea or chronic blepharitis. Blepharitis Definition Inflammation of the eyelid margins, affecting eyelashes (anterior) or meibomian glands (posterior). Types & Associations Anterior Blepharitis Involves eyelid margin/eyelashes (crusting/scales). Often staphylococcal or seborrhoeic. Posterior Blepharitis Meibomian gland dysfunction (blocked glands, foamy tears). Linked to rosacea or allergy. Management General Measures Warm Compresses 2–4× daily → helps express blocked glands. Eyelid Hygiene: Use proprietary lid cleansers (avoid baby shampoo if possible). Lubricating Eye Drops: Relieve dryness. Anterior Blepharitis (If bacterial) Chloramphenicol 1% ointment once daily at night. Posterior Blepharitis Doxycycline 100 mg daily for 4–8 weeks (reduce to 50 mg if improved). Topical azithromycin if severe (contraindication to doxy). Firm Eyelid Massage to express oils from meibomian glands. Address underlying rosacea or seborrhoea to reduce recurrence. Complications Keratitis, chalazion, or dry eye syndrome. 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