Home AKT/KFP CCE Cases CCE Coaching Clinical Team Topics Summary Testimonial Blogs Exam notes Menu Close Buy Now Strategies, study plans, and exam-authentic teaching from Australian GP educators. RACGP Exam Resources Home AKT/KFP CCE Cases CCE Coaching Clinical Team Topics Summary Testimonial Blogs Exam notes Menu Close From technique to case reasoning, explore every topic you need to pass Topics RACGP Exams Pillars, study methods, common pitfalls PBS and Prescribing First-line choices, cautions AKT Format, question types, speed with safety Exam News and Key Dates What to know for the next cycle KFP Multi select technique, marking logic, scenarios CCE Communication, structure, safety-netting Study Plans Week by week schedules FRACGP Pathway Pathway steps, timelines, IMG guidance Others Expert insight, clear techniques, and clinic-ready teaching in one place. Featured Articles How to Study for the RACGP Exams Using Active Recall and Spaced Repetition October 2025 By Dr Shaun Tan, MD, BMedSc, FRACGP Official Medical Examiner | Associate Lecturer RACGP Exam Top Scorer - 90% Short on time and unsure where to start? This guide gives you a focused system for AKT and KFP study using active recall and spaced repetition. You will see how to turn guidelines into flashcards, how to schedule reviews that stick, and how to correct errors fast so every week moves you forward. > Read More Expert insight, clear techniques, and clinic-ready teaching in one place. Featured Articles How to Study for the RACGP Exams Using Active Recall and Spaced Repetition October 2025 By Dr Shaun Tan, MD, BMedSc, FRACGP Official Medical Examiner | Associate Lecturer RACGP Exam Top Scorer - 90% Short on time and unsure where to start? This guide gives you a focused system for AKT and KFP study using active recall and spaced repetition. You will see how to turn guidelines into flashcards, how to schedule reviews that stick, and how to correct errors fast so every week moves you forward. > Read More From technique to case reasoning, explore every topic you need to pass Topics RACGP Exam Mistakes: Common Pitfalls That Stop Candidates Passing the RACGP Exams Read More How to Study for the RACGP Exams Using Active Recall and Spaced Repetition Read More AKT Exam Preparation: Study Strategies That Work Read More AKT vs KFP: Which RACGP Exam Is Harder (and How to Prepare for Both) Read More AKT Question Types Explained: How to Tackle MCQs Like a Pro Read More The Ultimate Guide to the FRACGP Pathway (2025 Update) Read More FRACGP Exams Explained, AKT, KFP, and CCE Made Simple Read More The Complete Guide to the RACGP AKT Exam (2025 Update) Read More Common AKT Mistakes and How to Avoid Them Read More AKT KFP Resources for GP Trainees: Complete Study Guide Read More FRACGP Pathway for International Medical Graduates (IMGs): Your Complete Guide Read More FRACGP vs FSP vs PEP, What’s the Difference? Read More FRACGP Timeline: How Long Does It Take to Become a GP in Australia? Read More The Complete Guide to the RACGP KFP Exam (2025 Update) Read More How to Prepare for the KFP Exam: Study Strategies That Actually Work Read More KFP vs AKT: Which RACGP Exam Is Harder? (AKT KFP Resources) Read More Common KFP Scenarios and How to Approach Them Read More AKT and KFP Exam Study Resources for GP Trainees, AKT KFP resources Read More How to Pass RACGP Exam: Complete 2025 Guide Read More Top 10 GP Exam Tips to Avoid Common RACGP Mistakes Read More Study Plan to Pass the RACGP Exams: A Week by Week Strategy Read More Pass the RACGP Exams: Tips From Top Scoring Fellows Read More How to Pass the GP CCE: Communication and Clinical Reasoning Tips Read More How to Pass AKT KFP: Your Complete Guide to Passing RACGP Exams Together Read More Best AKT KFP resources: RACGP Exams 2025 Guide Read More RACGP Exam Preparation: How to Study Using Active Recall and Spaced Repetition Read More 5 Pitfalls Stopping You from Passing the RACGP Exam Read More AMC Exam for IMGs: Structure, MCQ vs Clinical, and Registration Pathway Read More AMC MCQ Exam: Format, Syllabus and High Yield Australian Topics Read More AMC Clinical Exam: Station Types, Marking Criteria and Cultural Safety Read More AMC Exam for Overseas Doctors: Step by Step Guide to Working in Australia Read More High Yield and Surprise AMC Topics IMGs Should Not Skip Read More 12 Week AMC MCQ Study Plan for Busy IMGs (Using an AMC Question Bank) Read More Why Candidates Fail the AMC Clinical Exam (and How to Pass on the Next Attempt) Read More AMC MCQ vs AMC Clinical: Which AMC Exam to Sit First if You’re an IMG Read More RACGP CCE: What It Is, Who Sits It, and How It’s Assessed Read More RACGP CCE Preparation Guide for IMGs in Australia Read More RACGP CCE Cases: High Yield Presentations You Must Practise Read More RACGP CCE Exam Dates 2025: Plan Your Study Timeline for Success Read More Best RACGP CCE Resources: Question Banks, Mock Exams and Study Groups Read More How the RACGP CCE Is Marked: Domains, Criteria and Performance Tips Read More Common Reasons Candidates Fail the RACGP CCE (and How to Fix Them) Read More 6 Week RACGP CCE Study Plan (Working GP / IMG Friendly) Read More Communication Skills for the RACGP CCE: Sound Like an Australian GP Read More RACGP CCE vs AKT KFP: Why Your Written Exam Study Is Not Enough Read More GP Academy vs Fellow Academy: Structured RACGP Prep for IMGs Read More AMC Exam Dates 2025: How to Book the AMC MCQ and AMC Clinical Exam Read More How to Choose the Best AMC Question Bank (and Avoid Qbanks with Errors) Read More How to Choose the Right GP Exam Academy (and Why Structure Matters) Read More GP Exam Academy for IMGs: 7 Things to Check Before You Pay Read More What a Modern GP Exam Academy Should Include in 2025 Read More GP Academy Alternatives for RACGP AKT, KFP and CCE Read More Already Using GP Academy, Here Is How to Actually Revise Effectively Read More The Revision Layer GP Academy Doesn’t Give You Read More Are Your GP Academy KFP/MSQ Questions Too Easy for the Real RACGP Exam Read More GP Academy for IMGs: Fixing the "I Can’t Find That Topic Again" Problem Read More Can You Use GP Academy and Fellow Academy Together? (Yes, Here’s the Stack) Read More How Fellow Academy is Different from GP Academy (Quality over Volume) Read More Lecture Heavy vs Structured GP Exam Academy: Which One Helps You Pass Faster? Read More GP Exam Academy vs Fellow Academy: Quality Over Volume Read More How to Turn Any GP Exam Academy Course into a Pass Level Study System Read More How KFP Marking Works (and How to Maximise Your Score) Read More GP Academy is Huge, Here’s How to Beat GP Exam Burnout Read More GP Academy lectures vs exam style KFP questions: which one lifts your mark? Read More From technique to case reasoning, explore every topic you need to pass Topics RACGP Exam Mistakes: Common Pitfalls That Stop Candidates Passing the RACGP Exams Start Now How to Study for the RACGP Exams Using Active Recall and Spaced Repetition Start Now AKT Exam Preparation: Study Strategies That Work Start Now AKT vs KFP: Which RACGP Exam Is Harder (and How to Prepare for Both) Start Now AKT Question Types Explained: How to Tackle MCQs Like a Pro Start Now The Ultimate Guide to the FRACGP Pathway (2025 Update) Start Now FRACGP Exams Explained, AKT, KFP, and CCE Made Simple Start Now The Complete Guide to the RACGP AKT Exam (2025 Update) Start Now Common AKT Mistakes and How to Avoid Them Start Now AKT KFP Resources for GP Trainees: Complete Study Guide Start Now FRACGP Pathway for International Medical Graduates (IMGs): Your Complete Guide Start Now FRACGP vs FSP vs PEP, What’s the Difference? Start Now FRACGP Timeline: How Long Does It Take to Become a GP in Australia? Start Now The Complete Guide to the RACGP KFP Exam (2025 Update) Start Now How to Prepare for the KFP Exam: Study Strategies That Actually Work Start Now KFP vs AKT: Which RACGP Exam Is Harder? (AKT KFP Resources) Start Now Common KFP Scenarios and How to Approach Them Start Now AKT and KFP Exam Study Resources for GP Trainees, AKT KFP resources Start Now How to Pass RACGP Exam: Complete 2025 Guide Start Now Top 10 GP Exam Tips to Avoid Common RACGP Mistakes Start Now Study Plan to Pass the RACGP Exams: A Week by Week Strategy Start Now Pass the RACGP Exams: Tips From Top Scoring Fellows Start Now How to Pass the GP CCE: Communication and Clinical Reasoning Tips Start Now How to Pass AKT KFP: Your Complete Guide to Passing RACGP Exams Together Start Now Best AKT KFP resources: RACGP Exams 2025 Guide Start Now RACGP Exam Preparation: How to Study Using Active Recall and Spaced Repetition Start Now 5 Pitfalls Stopping You from Passing the RACGP Exam Start Now AMC Exam for IMGs: Structure, MCQ vs Clinical, and Registration Pathway Start Now AMC MCQ Exam: Format, Syllabus and High Yield Australian Topics Start Now AMC Clinical Exam: Station Types, Marking Criteria and Cultural Safety Start Now AMC Exam for Overseas Doctors: Step by Step Guide to Working in Australia Start Now High Yield and Surprise AMC Topics IMGs Should Not Skip Start Now 12 Week AMC MCQ Study Plan for Busy IMGs (Using an AMC Question Bank) Start Now Why Candidates Fail the AMC Clinical Exam (and How to Pass on the Next Attempt) Start Now AMC MCQ vs AMC Clinical: Which AMC Exam to Sit First if You’re an IMG Start Now RACGP CCE: What It Is, Who Sits It, and How It’s Assessed Start Now RACGP CCE Preparation Guide for IMGs in Australia Start Now RACGP CCE Cases: High Yield Presentations You Must Practise Start Now RACGP CCE Exam Dates 2025: Plan Your Study Timeline for Success Start Now Best RACGP CCE Resources: Question Banks, Mock Exams and Study Groups Start Now How the RACGP CCE Is Marked: Domains, Criteria and Performance Tips Start Now Common Reasons Candidates Fail the RACGP CCE (and How to Fix Them) Start Now 6 Week RACGP CCE Study Plan (Working GP / IMG Friendly) Start Now Communication Skills for the RACGP CCE: Sound Like an Australian GP Start Now RACGP CCE vs AKT KFP: Why Your Written Exam Study Is Not Enough Start Now GP Academy vs Fellow Academy: Structured RACGP Prep for IMGs Start Now AMC Exam Dates 2025: How to Book the AMC MCQ and AMC Clinical Exam Start Now How to Choose the Best AMC Question Bank (and Avoid Qbanks with Errors) Start Now How to Choose the Right GP Exam Academy (and Why Structure Matters) Start Now GP Exam Academy for IMGs: 7 Things to Check Before You Pay Start Now What a Modern GP Exam Academy Should Include in 2025 Start Now GP Academy Alternatives for RACGP AKT, KFP and CCE Start Now Already Using GP Academy, Here Is How to Actually Revise Effectively Start Now The Revision Layer GP Academy Doesn’t Give You Start Now Are Your GP Academy KFP/MSQ Questions Too Easy for the Real RACGP Exam Start Now GP Academy for IMGs: Fixing the "I Can’t Find That Topic Again" Problem Start Now Can You Use GP Academy and Fellow Academy Together? (Yes, Here’s the Stack) Start Now How Fellow Academy is Different from GP Academy (Quality over Volume) Start Now Lecture Heavy vs Structured GP Exam Academy: Which One Helps You Pass Faster? Start Now GP Exam Academy vs Fellow Academy: Quality Over Volume Start Now How to Turn Any GP Exam Academy Course into a Pass Level Study System Start Now How KFP Marking Works (and How to Maximise Your Score) Start Now GP Academy is Huge, Here’s How to Beat GP Exam Burnout Start Now GP Academy lectures vs exam style KFP questions: which one lifts your mark? Start Now Trusted resource provider for RACGP exam success. Expertly crafted notes, flashcards and mock cases designed to get you exam-ready. Our Products All in 1 System KFP Questions Flashcards Exam Notes CCE Questions Quick Links Home Meet The Team Blog Login Videos Summary Page Examination Dates Contact Us support@fellowacademy.com.au +61 423 832 140

Log In Get started Bookmarks Help Progress 0% Cardiovascular AAA + Rupture AC dislocation ATSI Abdominal pain in kids Abnormal/Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (AUB/DUB) Acanthosis Nigricans Acne Acromegaly Actinic Cheilitis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute Swollen Joint with Fever Acute Vision Loss Acute and Progressive Vision Loss Addisons Adjustment Disorder and Anxiety Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Age related macular degeneration Alcohol Cessation Allergic rhinitis Alopecia Amenorrhoea Anaphylaxis Angina Angular Cheilitis Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Anorexia Nervosa Anticholinergics and TCAs Antidepressants Antimetabolite drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antipsychotics Anxiety Disorders Aortic Dissection Arrhythmia Asthma Asthma Atrial Fibrillation Back pain Behavioural / learning disorders Behavioural disturbances Bell’s palsy and Ramsey Hunt syndrome Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) Biologic agents Bipolar Disorder Bleeding disorders Blepharitis Breast Cancer Breast Lump Bronchiectasis (Updated) CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125) CRPS CVD Risk Assessment Calluses and Corns Candida (Candidiasis as an STI) Carpal tunnel syndrome and de quervains tenosynovitis Cellulite Cervical spondylosis Chest pain Chickenpox (Varicella) Chilblains Cholesteatoma Chronic Cough in Children Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Chronic Rhinosinusitis Chronic Stridor Clavicular fracture Clozapine Coeliacs Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations Congestive Cardiac Failure Connective Tissue Diseases Constipation Contact Dermatitis Cracked Heel Croup Cushings Cutaneous Drug Eruptions DKA vs HHS Dacrocystitis, dacyrostenosis, dacyrocystocoele Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Delerium Dementia Depression and Delirium Dermal melanocystosis (mongolian spot) Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) Diabetes Diabetes Insipidus (DI) vs Primary Polydipsia Diabetic Neuropathy Diarrhoea Diplopia Dizziness / syncope Down syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dupuytrens / trigger finger Dyspepsia Dyspnoea (Shortness of Breath) ECG ECG Findings ECG Patterns CONCISE COMPREHENSIVE Falls Risk Assessment Definition:Falls risk assessment identifies older adults, particularly those over 65, at high risk of falls to prevent injury and maintain independence. Causes/Aetiology: Age-related Decline: Decreased strength, balance, coordination. Chronic Conditions: Parkinson’s disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis. Medications: Psychotropics, sedatives, antihypertensives, anticholinergics. Sensory Impairment: Vision and hearing issues. Environmental Hazards: Poor lighting, slippery floors, tripping hazards. Incontinence: Urgency, especially at night, leading to rushing. Pathophysiology:Falls often result from intrinsic (e.g., muscle weakness, sensory deficits) and extrinsic (e.g., environmental hazards) factors. Age-related declines and medication side effects increase susceptibility to balance issues. Symptoms: Recurrent Falls: Two or more falls within the last year. Recent Fall: Presentation after a fall-related injury. Balance Issues: Difficulty walking, dizziness, lightheadedness. Leg Weakness: Difficulty rising from a chair or climbing stairs. Incontinence: Urgency increases the risk of falls. Vision Impairments: Difficulty seeing obstacles. Differential Diagnosis: Orthostatic Hypotension: Dizziness on standing, often due to medications. Vertigo: Inner ear issues like BPPV. Musculoskeletal Pain: Joint pain causing unsteadiness. Cardiovascular Issues: Arrhythmias or other causes of dizziness. Neurological Disorders: Conditions like Parkinson’s or stroke. Investigations: Postural Blood Pressure: Check for orthostatic hypotension. ECG: Assess arrhythmias or heart conditions. Vision Testing: Check for cataracts or macular degeneration. Neurological Exam: Cognitive and motor function assessment. Urinary Assessment: For urgency or frequency. Bone Density Testing: For osteoporosis if there’s a fall and fracture history. Screening Guidelines: Annual screening for those over 65 with: Two or more falls in the last year. Recent fall. Walking or balance difficulty. Management: Medication Review: Rationalize medications, especially those causing dizziness or balance issues. Exercise Programs: Home or community-based exercise focusing on strength and balance (150 minutes/week). Vitamin D: Maintain adequate levels (>60 ng/mL) to support muscle function. Home Modifications: Remove tripping hazards, improve lighting, add grab bars. Referrals: Optometrist/Ophthalmologist: Vision assessment and correction. Occupational Therapist (OT): Home safety assessments and modifications. Physiotherapist: Balance and strengthening exercises. Podiatrist: Foot health and footwear assessment. Notes: ATSI Individuals: Increased assessment frequency due to higher risk. Medication Review: Crucial for elderly with polypharmacy or drugs causing sedation, dizziness, or hypotension. Falls Risk Definition: Falls risk assessment is essential for older individuals, particularly those over 65 years of age, to prevent injury and maintain independence. Falls can lead to fractures, hospitalizations, and even death. Identifying individuals at high risk and implementing preventive measures is crucial for reducing the incidence of falls. Aetiology/Causes: Several factors contribute to an increased risk of falls: Age-related physical decline: Decreased strength, balance, and coordination. Chronic medical conditions: Conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis can impair movement and coordination. Medications: Certain medications, especially psychotropics, sedatives, anticholinergics, and antihypertensives, can cause dizziness or orthostatic hypotension. Vision and hearing problems: Impaired vision (e.g., cataracts) and hearing loss can increase the risk of falls. Environmental hazards: Poorly lit areas, slippery floors, or tripping hazards in the home. Incontinence: Urgency or nocturia can increase the risk of falls due to rushing to the bathroom. Pathophysiology: Falls are typically caused by a combination of intrinsic (e.g., muscle weakness, vision impairment) and extrinsic (e.g., home hazards, slippery floors) factors. Decreased strength and balance from aging or neurological conditions, along with medications that cause dizziness or low blood pressure, significantly contribute to falls. Symptoms: Recurrent falls: Two or more falls within the past 12 months. Recent falls: Presenting after a recent fall or fall-related injury. Balance issues: Difficulty walking, dizziness, or lightheadedness. Leg weakness: Decreased muscle strength, making it hard to rise from a chair or climb stairs. Incontinence: Urgent need to urinate, which may lead to rushing and falls. Visual impairments: Difficulty seeing obstacles or hazards in the environment. Differential Diagnosis: Orthostatic hypotension: Dizziness and falls when standing up, commonly due to medications or dehydration. Vertigo: Dizziness caused by inner ear problems such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Musculoskeletal issues: Joint problems or pain may cause unsteadiness and a risk of falls. Cardiovascular causes: Arrhythmias or other heart conditions that cause dizziness or fainting. Neurological conditions: Conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, stroke, or multiple sclerosis that impair motor control. Investigations: Postural drop: Check for orthostatic hypotension by measuring blood pressure when the patient stands. Electrocardiogram (ECG): To identify arrhythmias or heart conditions contributing to falls. Vision assessment: Evaluate for conditions like cataracts or macular degeneration. Neurological examination: To assess for cognitive impairments, gait issues, and other neurological conditions. Urinary assessment: To evaluate for incontinence or urinary urgency, which may increase fall risk. Bone density tests: To evaluate for osteoporosis if there is a history of falls and fractures. Screening Guidelines: Annual screening for individuals over 65 years if they: Have had 2 or more falls in the past 12 months. Present following a recent fall. Report difficulty with walking or balance. If the patient answers "yes" to any of these criteria, they should undergo a thorough history, examination, and risk assessment to determine the underlying causes and appropriate interventions. History: Key points to gather during the history include: Detailed fall history: How many falls, where they occurred (inside/outside), and the perceived cause of the fall (e.g., tripping, dizziness). Dizziness or lightheadedness: Associated with standing up or during specific activities. Palpitations: May indicate arrhythmias. Walking or balance issues: Difficulty with ambulation or fear of falling. Vision changes: Assess for cataracts or other visual impairments. Leg weakness: Assess muscle strength and any known history of musculoskeletal problems. Home hazards: Look for tripping hazards such as rugs or clutter. Incontinence: Urinary urgency or frequency may contribute to falls. Examination: Cognition: Assess alertness and orientation using tools like the GPCOG (cognitive assessment). Postural hypotension: Check for a drop in blood pressure on standing (orthostatic hypotension). Heart rate: Irregular heart rhythms can contribute to dizziness or fainting. Vision and cataracts: Test for visual acuity and screen for cataracts. Gait and lower limb neurological function: Assess walking ability and any neurological deficits. Feet and shoes: Check for deformities, poorly fitted shoes, or conditions like bunions or ingrown toenails that may contribute to unsteadiness. Sit-to-stand and alternate step tests: Evaluate strength, balance, and coordination. Assessment: GPCOG: Use this cognitive tool to assess for cognitive impairments. Falls Risk Assessment Tool: Use a standardized tool (such as a redbook-based tool) to evaluate the patient’s fall risk. Occupational therapy (OT) assessment: OT assessment in the home to identify hazards and recommend modifications (e.g., grab bars, proper lighting). Management: Medication review: Rationalize medications, especially those that may contribute to dizziness or balance problems. This includes reviewing psychotropic drugs, sedatives, anticholinergics, and antihypertensives. Regular exercise: Encourage home-based or community-based exercise programs, especially those that target balance and strength training (at least 150 minutes per week). Vitamin D: Ensure adequate levels of Vitamin D (aiming for >60 ng/mL) to support muscle function and bone health. Home modifications: Recommend home safety modifications, such as removing tripping hazards, improving lighting, and adding support bars in bathrooms. Referrals: Optometrist/ophthalmologist: For vision assessment and correction, particularly for cataracts or poor vision. Occupational therapist (OT): For home safety assessments and modifications. Physiotherapist: To help with balancing exercises and strengthening, especially if balance issues are present. Podiatrist: For foot health, including addressing issues with footwear, gait, and any foot deformities. NOTES: ATSI individuals should be assessed more frequently due to their higher risk of falls and associated complications. Medication review is critical in elderly patients, especially with polypharmacy and the use of drugs that may cause sedation, dizziness, or hypotension. Bookmark Failed! Bookmark Saved! Refresh Refresh Refresh

Log In Get started Bookmarks Help Progress 0% Cardiovascular AAA + Rupture AC dislocation ATSI Abdominal pain in kids Abnormal/Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (AUB/DUB) Acanthosis Nigricans Acne Acromegaly Actinic Cheilitis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute Swollen Joint with Fever Acute Vision Loss Acute and Progressive Vision Loss Addisons Adjustment Disorder and Anxiety Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Age related macular degeneration Alcohol Cessation Allergic rhinitis Alopecia Amenorrhoea Anaphylaxis Angina Angular Cheilitis Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Anorexia Nervosa Anticholinergics and TCAs Antidepressants Antimetabolite drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antipsychotics Anxiety Disorders Aortic Dissection Arrhythmia Asthma Asthma Atrial Fibrillation Back pain Behavioural / learning disorders Behavioural disturbances Bell’s palsy and Ramsey Hunt syndrome Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) Biologic agents Bipolar Disorder Bleeding disorders Blepharitis Breast Cancer Breast Lump Bronchiectasis (Updated) CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125) CRPS CVD Risk Assessment Calluses and Corns Candida (Candidiasis as an STI) Carpal tunnel syndrome and de quervains tenosynovitis Cellulite Cervical spondylosis Chest pain Chickenpox (Varicella) Chilblains Cholesteatoma Chronic Cough in Children Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Chronic Rhinosinusitis Chronic Stridor Clavicular fracture Clozapine Coeliacs Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations Congestive Cardiac Failure Connective Tissue Diseases Constipation Contact Dermatitis Cracked Heel Croup Cushings Cutaneous Drug Eruptions DKA vs HHS Dacrocystitis, dacyrostenosis, dacyrocystocoele Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Delerium Dementia Depression and Delirium Dermal melanocystosis (mongolian spot) Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) Diabetes Diabetes Insipidus (DI) vs Primary Polydipsia Diabetic Neuropathy Diarrhoea Diplopia Dizziness / syncope Down syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dupuytrens / trigger finger Dyspepsia Dyspnoea (Shortness of Breath) ECG ECG Findings ECG Patterns CONCISE COMPREHENSIVE Milker’s Nodule Aetiology Parapox virus infection from cows' teats Transmitted via direct contact with infected lesions No human-to-human transmission Clinical Features Incubation: 5–14 days Lesions: Small, firm, red-blue, flat-topped spots (hands, fingers) May develop greyish appearance, crust formation Solitary or multiple (2–5) Management Self-limiting (4–6 weeks) Cover lesions to prevent bacterial infection Antibiotics if secondary infection occurs Milker’s Nodule Aetiology Parapoxvirus infection acquired from cows’ teats. Typically transmitted via direct contact with infected bovine lesions. No human-to-human transmission reported. Clinical Features Incubation Period: ~5–14 days Lesions: Small, firm, red–blue, flat-topped papules/nodules on hands, fingers. May develop a greyish surface or form crusts. Usually solitary or multiple (2–5 lesions). Generally painless, though mild tenderness can occur if secondarily infected. Management Self-Limiting: Typically resolves within 4–6 weeks without scarring. Cover Lesions: Reduce the chance of bacterial superinfection. Antibiotics: Only if secondary infection occurs (e.g. local cellulitis). Education: Advise on hand protection (gloves) when handling potentially infected animals to prevent reinfection or new lesions. Bookmark Failed! Bookmark Saved! Add Bookmark Refresh Refresh